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      <title-group><article-title>Sending Evil Back to the Sender. The “Back to Sender” Prayers of African Spiritual Warfare Put to the Test of the Bible</article-title></title-group>
      <contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><string-name>Au Cœur du Silence</string-name></contrib></contrib-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic"><year>2026</year></pub-date>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://ntilia.com/u/silence/en/sending-evil-back-to-the-sender-the-back-to-sender-prayers-of-african-spiritual"/>
      <permissions><license><license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p></license></permissions>
      <abstract><p>In parts of the Pentecostal, neo-Pentecostal, prophetic and Catholic charismatic circles of sub-Saharan Africa and the diaspora, &quot;prayer points&quot; chanted in groups command curses to &quot;go back to sender&quot; or ask that &quot;the enemy die by fire&quot;. This literature review, written from a declared evangelical Protestant position, describes the practice on the basis of verifiable sources, including a dated sermon of Mountain of Fire and Miracles Ministries (2025). It traces its roots (the cosmology of witchcraft, the traditional rite of sending evil back, the pastoral vacuum left by missions, and the worldwide circulation of spiritual warfare literature) and cautiously situates it within the climate of witchcraft accusations in which it takes place. It rereads in context the texts cited in its support (the imprecatory psalms, the proverbs about the pit, Esther 7, Nehemiah 4 and 13, Galatians 6:7, Exodus 22:18 [22:17 in the Hebrew text]) and shows that none of them establishes a technique of retaliation. The teaching of Jesus (Leviticus 19:18; Matthew 22:39; Matthew 5:43-48; Luke 6:27-36; Luke 9:51-56) and of the apostles (Romans 12:14-21; 1 Peter 3:9; Ephesians 6:10-18) leads to the conclusion that sending evil back to a person is not biblical. The strongest African critiques (Onyinah, Kgatle, Biri and Manyonganise, Guti, Mudyiwa, Bishop Badejo) are brought to the fore, and a prayer of protection without cursing is proposed.</p></abstract>
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